@article {4038, title = {Gender (im)balance in the pool of graduate talent: the portuguese case}, journal = {Tertiary Education and Management}, volume = {28}, year = {2022}, month = {13/07/2022}, pages = {155{\textendash}170}, abstract = {

Doctoral education has grown substantially, resulting in a larger and diverse pool of graduates for research. Simultaneously, gender balance in research has become a growing concern, particularly in Europe. Based on the Portuguese case, this paper discusses whether the increase in the pool of graduate talent, considered to be comprised of doctoral graduates, has resulted in a gender balance across different disciplines. The analysis of the evolution of doctoral theses completed by men and women from 1970 to 2016 suggests that, while gender balance has been achieved in terms of participation in doctoral education, horizontal segregation in disciplines persists. A more gender-balanced pool of graduate talent for research across disciplines seems to require more action from Portuguese policymakers and universities, particularly in terms of the implementation of gender equality measures. This is also true for countries where gender equality in doctoral education is a challenge.

}, keywords = {Doctoral education, Gender balance, Horizontal segregation, Knowledge society, Pool of graduate talent, Portugal}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11233-022-09093-9}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11233-022-09093-9}, author = {S{\'o}nia Cardoso and Teresa Carvalho and Maria Jo{\~a}o Rosa and Diana Soares} } @article {4039, title = {Brothers in Arms? How neoliberalism connects North and South Higher Education: Finland and Portugal in perspective}, journal = {Social Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, month = {13/05/2022}, pages = {213}, abstract = {

This paper puts in perspective the reforms of the Portuguese and Finnish higher education (HE) sectors in the light of the role intergovernmental organisations have{\textemdash}especially the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD){\textemdash}in influencing neoliberal public policies in these countries. On the year that the OECD celebrates its 62nd anniversary, (the OECD was founded with this name on 14 December 1960 by 20 countries, following the establishment of the former European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) in April 1948) and by comparing two different countries, this article analyses the extent to which the OECD has been and is an {\textquotedblleft}imperial agent{\textquotedblright} in Portuguese and Finnish HE policies. By cross-comparing the OECD reports of both HE systems, the empirical data shows how the OECD proposes neoliberal reforms based on three main components of neoliberalism: market, management and performativity in different countries. Taking these proposals into account, Portugal and Finland undertook similar HE legislative reforms despite their geographical, historical, cultural and economic differences. The data reveal a convergence in HE policies in these countries, anticipating the reinforcement of neoliberal policies at the national level.\ 

}, keywords = {Finland, HE, New Public Management (NPM), OECD, policy diffusion, policy implementation, Portugal}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11050213}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/11/5/213}, author = {Sara Diogo and Teresa Carvalho} } @conference {4095, title = {Deteriorating Working Conditions in Academia {\textendash} The Best Way to Secure Meritocracy? }, booktitle = {15th International Technology, Education and Development Conference}, year = {2021}, month = {8-9 March, 2021}, publisher = {IATED Academy}, organization = {IATED Academy}, address = {Online Conference}, abstract = {

Academic careers have been changing worldwide due to a diversity of both endogenous and exogenous factors. Global trends such as managerialism and New Public Management (NPM) influence changes in careers in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), since these trends translate the spreading of discourses, values and ideologies from the private sector to the public sector. This study examines the impact of NPM on the working conditions of Portuguese higher education academics in the last ten years. The empirical data are based on official statistics on the Portuguese academics employment conditions and the analysis leads to the following conclusions. Changes reveal an increasing corrosion of traditional employment practices. Employment has become more precarious as professionals are increasingly employed on non-tenured contracts. Although this tendency was initially more evidenced in the polytechnic sector, in nowadays universities present even more precarious conditions. In short, this means that despite the political changes in the country in the last years, the development of science in Portugal is still based in highly qualified employment but with equally high precarious employment relations, even if an improvement of the working conditions for those at the top is evidenced. In this context, the prospect of future wealth, rather than current income and working conditions, main represent the driver for young academics to stay in the job. Potential consequences for the meritocratic and excellence values, framing HEIs organisational culture are discussed.

}, keywords = {academics, career, Change, Portugal, working conditions}, isbn = {978-84-09-27666-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.1861 }, url = {https://library.iated.org/view/CARVALHO2021DET}, author = {Teresa Carvalho} } @conference {4094, title = {Where is Gender? A Missing Variable in Scientific Research}, booktitle = {15th International Technology, Education and Development Conference}, year = {2021}, month = {8-9 March, 2021}, publisher = {IATED Academy}, organization = {IATED Academy}, address = {Online Conference}, abstract = {

Gender Equality in science and research has become increasingly relevant within the European Union (EU) and within the European Research Area (ERA). In recent years, significant efforts have been made to achieve the three objectives set by the ERA on gender equality: increasing gender balance in research teams, increasing gender balance in decision-making, and strengthening the gender dimension in research. The work that has been performed at EU level and across ERA countries has brought some improvements, but the objective of strengthening the gender dimension in research has received little attention in several countries and, overall, the number of publications that incorporate the gender dimension remains low (EC 2019). In some countries, such as Portugal, gender in/equality continues to be seen (and handled) as an issue of (under)representation of women in research; the gender dimension in research seems thus to be sidelined. This work, carried out as part of an international H2020 funded research project (CHANGE {\textendash} CHalleNging Gender (In)Equality in science and research), seeks to bring this issue to the center of the debate. Through a comparative perspective, this study aims to explore, characterise and analyse, how a Portuguese university (University of Aveiro {\textendash} UA) has been involving the gender perspective in their research outputs in the last decades. In order to achieve the purpose of the research, the annual percentage of SCOPUS publications incorporating a gender perspective in the UA (i.e. publications which have gender, women or sex in the title, abstract or keywords) is determined and its evolution along the last decades analysed. The analysis reveals that in each year analysed, the percentage of UA SCOPUS publications with a gender focus is always below 3.5\%. The first UA publication that meets the requirements of our SCOPUS database search appeared in the year 2000 and {\textendash} as with most Portuguese public HEIs analysed in the framework of this study {\textendash} progress in recent years has been slow and oscillate between advancements and setbacks. Between 2000 and 2019 the percentage of UA SCOPUS publications incorporating the gender dimension increased only 1.91 percentage points. Taking that Gender Equality is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, universities and academics need to reflect on the need to increase the integration of the gender perspective in research.

}, keywords = {european research area, gender dimension, Higher Education Institutions, Portugal, research}, isbn = {978-84-09-27666-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.1948 }, url = {https://library.iated.org/view/JORDAO2021WHE}, author = {Carina Jord{\~a}o and Sara Diogo and Teresa Carvalho} } @conference {4100, title = {Learning organisations: A case study of changes in gender equality in decision-making bodies}, booktitle = {14th International Technology, Education and Development Conference}, year = {2020}, month = {2-4 March, 2020}, publisher = {IATED Academy}, organization = {IATED Academy}, address = {Valencia, Spain}, abstract = {

Despite the general legal and social environments in Europe and in Portugal being positive to the institutionalisation of equal opportunities in Higher Education Institutions (HEI), gender inequality seems to persist in stereotyped perceptions embedded within organisational cultures. The European Union (EU) has been developing several programmes to fund the promotion of Gender Equality Plans (GEP) in HEIs in the European context (European Commission, 2016; 2019).
It is encouraging to find that in some specific cases the implementation of these progresses has positive results (ERAC 2018). This is the case of the institution studied here, which committed to equality beyond rhetoric. The paper reports on a case study of best practices in promoting gender equality in decision-making bodies at the middle-management level in the University of Aveiro, in Portugal. Based on an international H2020 funded research project, the University of Aveiro has implemented GEPs resulting in an increase in the number of women in decision-making bodies. This paper seeks to explain the process of cultural change in general as well as in the rector team{\textquoteright}s attitudes, in particular, to promote progress in pursuit of gender equality in decision-making bodies.
When the project started, women constitute only 5\% of members in these middle management bodies (i.e. Deans of both university departments and polytechnic schools). One year after the implementation of the project, this percentage increased to 20\%. The paper details the several steps taken to reach this result. First, the problem was identified based on a quantitative analysis of the gender composition of decision-making bodies at UA; then, the process through which members access these bodies was also analysed. In a second stage of the project, the rector was informed and instigated to be more proactive in increase women representativeness in the following elections. Without changing the regulations, it was possible to develop informal strategies. These related with the identification of women with competencies to perform the job and with personal empowerment for them to propose themselves to the election.
Although progresses have been made, it is important to acknowledge that these initiatives are not enough to promote structural changes and more needs to be done to accelerate the pace of progress as well as to change institutional practices and individual mentalities.

}, keywords = {Decision-making bodies, gender equality, gender-equality plan, Higher Education Institutions, Portugal}, isbn = {978-84-09-17939-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2020.1650}, url = {https://library.iated.org/view/CARVALHO2020LEA}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Carina Jord{\~a}o and Sara Diogo and Z{\'e}lia Breda} } @conference {4098, title = {Implementing Gender Equality Plans through an action-research approach: challenges and resistances}, booktitle = {19th European Conference on Research Methodology for Business and Management Studies }, year = {2020}, month = {18-19 July 2020}, publisher = {ACPI Ltd}, organization = {ACPI Ltd}, address = {Online Conference}, abstract = {

Achieving gender equality (GE) in science and research has become an important issue in the European Union (EU) and one of the objectives of the European Research Area (ERA). Progress in this area is sluggish and difficult, with several indicators showing that women tend to remain in a disadvantage position when compared to men, despite several efforts and initiatives to correct the situation. It is widely acknowledged that gender inequality may be leading to huge losses of talent, detrimental to organisations, to the economy and to the society (European Commission 2020). To overcome this situation, the European Commission (EC) has funded several action-research projects (through FP6, FP7 and H2020) in order to accelerate and/or stimulate effective and structural institutional changes through the implementation of tailor-made Gender Equality Plans (GEPs). Several GEPs have been implemented in Research Performing Organisations (RPOs) in many countries. Although the effective impact of these plans and their contribution to the creation of more egalitarian working environments in organisations has not yet been fully determined, it seems that resistance may be one of the main obstacles to their successful implementation. This study aims to analyse the organisational dynamics of resistance to the implementation of GEPs in Portuguese RPOs. Thus, drawing on the experience of key actors directly involved in the design, planning and implementation of the GEPs, the authors identify the main forms of resistance felt and discuss the reasons underlying this resistance, while analysing some potential strategies to overcome them and to ensure the success of both gender initiatives and national projects. To achieve the objective of the work, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the Principal Investigators (PI) of three projects developed in Portuguese RPOs. In an attempt to find {\textquoteleft}meaning-oriented regularities{\textquoteright} in the data, the interviews were analysed using the {\textquoteleft}interpretative qualitative{\textquoteright} approach. The authors conclude that resistance to GE initiatives is identified in all institutional contexts but it can assume different forms and configurations.

}, keywords = {Action-research approach, Gender Equality Plans (GEP), Portugal, Resistance}, isbn = {978-1-912764-59-4}, author = {Carina Jord{\~a}o and Teresa Carvalho and Sara Diogo} } @conference {4099, title = {Gender In/Equality in men wor(l)d{\textquoteright}s: Perceptions on the construction of a gender equal and inclusive Portuguese University}, booktitle = {3rd International Conference on Gender Research }, year = {2020}, month = {16-17 July 2020}, publisher = {ACPI Ltd. }, organization = {ACPI Ltd. }, address = {Online Conference}, abstract = {

Based in a H2020 funded project and on theoretical contributions of the feminist institutional perspective, this paper provides a comparative view between men and women on the identified values, practices and behaviours needed to the institutionalisation and promotion of gender equal and inclusive higher education institutions (HEI). This theoretical perspective grounds our comparative analysis, supported by 22 interviews with institutional key-actors: 15 men and 7 women. Being our sample constituted by both male and female interviewees of a Portuguese university can be seen as an innovative approach due to two complementary reasons. First, Portuguese HEI clearly exemplify women representation in academia, considering their significant presence and rapid growth in HEI: as the system expanded and democratised, it also became more feminised, although women are still underrepresented in top-management and leading positions, contributing to perpetuate the vertical segregation phenomenon. Second, gender issues on (Portuguese) HEI are usually approached by women, with men having a peripheral role. Towards this background, we are interested in understanding how both sexes envisage gender equality in their working place (the academia) and even to depict how men perceive their role in the construction of gender-balanced and inclusive HEI. Data analysis reveals not only differences but also similarities between men and women perceptions of the values, practices and behaviours needed to the institutionalisation and promotion of a gender equal and inclusive institution. There is a common trend to consider universities as gender neutral and to attribute the responsibility for changes to the political, social and/or cultural systems, which results from a common symbolic realm of meaning-making common to women and men. However, it is more common to find women manifesting a more positive perspective to affirmative actions at the university. Thus, one can say that women situation can justify their greater assumption of an agency perspective on institutional change.

}, keywords = {(in)equality, feminist institutional perspective, Gender, higher education, Portugal, universities}, isbn = {978-1-912764-56-3}, author = {Carina Jord{\~a}o and Teresa Carvalho and Sara Diogo and Z{\'e}lia Breda} } @inbook {4032, title = {An International Comparative Perspective on Higher Education Institutions{\textquoteright} Governance and Management {\textendash} Portugal, Finland, and Brazil}, booktitle = {Intercultural Studies in Higher Education}, series = {Intercultural Studies in Education}, year = {2019}, pages = {109{\textendash}133}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.}, organization = {Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.}, edition = {A. Moreira, P. Jen-Jacques, N. Bagnall }, abstract = {

Reforms in higher education (HE) in the last decades have been influenced by global and international trends associated with two parallel processes: questioning of the nation-state and the gradual decomposition of the welfare state (Carvalho and Santiago in\ Professionalism, Managerialism and Reform in Higher Education and the Health Services: The European Welfare State and the Rise of the Knowledge Society.\ Palgrave Macmillan, 2015; Kwiek in\ Higher Education in Europe\ 26:27{\textendash}38, 2001). These processes intersect with the influence of neo-liberal ideas, strongly diffused by international organizations (Amaral and Neave in\ International Organizations and Higher Education Policy: Thinking Globally, Acting Locally.\ Routledge, London, pp. 82{\textendash}98, 2009; Ball in\ Policy Futures in Education\ 14:1046{\textendash}1059, 2016). According to Stephan Ball (Policy Futures in Education\ 14:1046{\textendash}1059, 2016), neo-liberal influences in HE can be summarized by three interrelated and interdependent technologies: market, management, and performance. These technologies were translated in the emergence of new management and governance models within higher education institutions (HEIs) in such a way that institutional governance became an international issue (Reed and Meek in\ Governing Higher Education: National Perspectives on Institutional Governance. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. xv{\textendash}xxxi, 2002). It has been acknowledged that changes in governance and management structures in HE all over the world include transformations in the Humboldtian principles of organization along with changes in the collegial model of decision-making and a redefinition of power relations, where external stakeholders and new professionals assume a relevant role within academia (Capano in\ Public Administration\ 89:1622{\textendash}1642, 2011; Reed and Meek in\ Governing Higher Education: National Perspectives on Institutional Governance. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. xv{\textendash}xxxi, 2002; Welch in\ Higher Education in Southeast Asia: Blurring Borders, Changing Balance. Taylor \& Francis, 2011), with implications on academics{\textquoteright} work (Blackmore et al. in\ Re-positioning University Governance and Academic Work. Sense Publishers, 2010; Carvalho and Santiago in\ Higher Education Policy\ 23:397{\textendash}411, 2010; Marginson in\ Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management\ 22:23{\textendash}35, 2000). Nevertheless, few comparative international perspectives have been developed, especially when considering the need to include countries with distinct historical processes of nation-state creation, different welfare state models and diverse levels of economic development, and social and cultural characteristics. There is, indeed, a study gap on New Public Management (NPM) constructs and their application {\textquotedblleft}with little understanding of several important cultural dimensions{\textquotedblright} (Stromquist in\ Compare\ 30:261{\textendash}264, 2000). This chapter compares the perceived changes in HEI management and its impact on academics in three countries: Brazil, Finland, and Portugal. Data analysis relies on a qualitative approach, empirically based on 70 interviews conducted in the 3 countries to top and middle academic managers, following the same interviewing guidelines. Despite significant differences in systems{\textquoteright} organization and funding, cultures{\textquoteright} governance and management, and professionals{\textquoteright} and students{\textquoteright} profiles, there are more similar views on changes in governance and management and its impact on academics than expected. In these countries, academics expressed similar views on the increased influence of a management culture within their institutions and a loss of professional autonomy.

}, keywords = {Brazil, Finland, Globalization, Governance, Higher Education Institutions, International organizations, Management, new public management, Portugal}, issn = {978-3-030-15757-9}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15758-6_5}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-15758-6_5}, author = {Sara Diogo and Milka Barbosa and Teresa Carvalho} } @article {4069, title = {Women Rectors and Leadership Narratives: The Same Male Norm?}, journal = {Education Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2018}, month = {23 May 2018}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

This paper examines how two Portuguese women rectors constructed narratives on their path to leadership positions and their performance of leadership roles. The study is based on a qualitative empirical analysis based on life story interviews with two women rectors in Portugal. The results from this research suggest that women rectors tend to develop narratives about their professional route to the top as based on merit and hard work, and tend to classify their leadership experience as gender-neutral and grounded on the establishment of good relationships with their peers along their professional path. These narratives may contribute to reinforcing the male norm that leads other women to blame themselves for not being able to progress in their career, hindering the creation of an organisational environment that is open to the development of institutional policies to improve equal opportunities. Portugal is a very interesting case study, considering that despite the long history of its higher education system and the high participation of women in higher education, there were only two women rectors in the country until 2014.

}, keywords = {female leadership, gender and leadership, Portugal, women rectors}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci8020075}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/8/2/75}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Sara Diogo} } @article {4072, title = {Exploring the relationship between institutional and professional autonomy: a comparative study between Portugal and Finland}, journal = {Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management}, volume = {40}, year = {2017}, month = {12 Nov 2017}, pages = {18-33}, abstract = {

By comparing two distinct settings{\textendash}Portugal and Finland{\textendash}and based on previous studies revealing similar trends in both countries, this article analyses the relationship between institutional and academic autonomy in the higher education sector. Based on crosschecking of the literature review and 47 interviews with key actors in both the Portuguese and Finnish higher education systems, the authors analyse the extent to which the political attempts to increase institutional autonomy are perceived by academics in these countries as leading to an increase in their professional autonomy. Data reveals that there is a lack of complete correspondence between the way different institutional dimensions have been changing at the organisational level and the way academics perceive the effects at the professional level. While there is a correspondence in the perceptions over organisational and interventional autonomy, no correspondence is found concerning policy autonomy in both countries. Furthermore, there are no homogeneous perceptions within academics group in each country concerning professional autonomy.

}, keywords = {academic freedom, comparative education, Finland, higher education systems, institutional autonomy, Portugal}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2018.1395916}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1360080X.2018.1395916}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Sara Diogo} } @article {4314, title = {Should we start worrying? Mass higher education, skill demand and the increasingly complex landscape of young graduates{\textquoteright} employment}, journal = {Studies in Higher Education}, volume = {42}, year = {2017}, month = {2017/8//}, pages = {1401 - 1420}, publisher = {Routledge}, abstract = {Recent decades have seen a massive expansion in higher education (HE), fuelled by high expectations about its private benefits. This has raised concerns about the impact on the employability of recent graduates and the potential mismatches between their skills and the competences required by the job structure. Equally, it could set the ground for a possible transformation of demand for graduate skills and the emergence of new employment profiles. In this article, data for Portugal for the period 2000{\textendash}2010 were used to look at compositional changes in graduate employment and the incidence of three potential problems in graduates{\textquoteright} transition to the labour market: overeducation, overskilling and education{\textendash}job mismatches. The implications of growing demand heterogeneity on increasing inequality in graduate labour markets and on the expectations supporting mass HE in a country that rapidly expanded access to tertiary education as a strategy to converge with the productivity levels of other more developed econo...}, keywords = {education{\textendash}job mismatches, higher education, I20, J24, J31, overeducation, overskilling, Portugal}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03075079.2015.1101754}, author = {Hugo Figueiredo and Biscaia, Ricardo and Rocha, Vera and Teixeira, Pedro} } @article {4076, title = {Different or similar: constructions of leadership by senior managers in Irish and Portuguese universities}, journal = {Studies in Higher Education}, volume = {40}, year = {2014}, month = {04 Jun 2014}, pages = {1679-1693}, chapter = {1679}, abstract = {

Despite over 60 years of research on leadership, few attempts have been made to ensure that the models of leadership are inclusive of women or other {\textquoteleft}outsiders{\textquoteright}. This paper explores variation in the constructions of leadership at a time of institutional change in higher education. Drawing on a purposive sample, including those at presidential/rector, vice presidential/vice rector level in Irish and Portuguese universities, it compares and contrasts such senior managers{\textquoteright} conceptions of leadership, as reflected in their descriptions of a typical president/rector and those characteristics that they see as valued in senior management in their own university. Attention is particularly focussed on the identification and gendering of collegial/managerial characteristics, and the extent to which it reflects variation in these university contexts.

}, keywords = {Gender, higher education, Ireland, leadership, Portugal}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.914909 }, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03075079.2014.914909}, author = {Pat O{\textquoteright}Connor and Teresa Carvalho} } @article {4089, title = {As universidades portuguesas na senda da investiga{\c c}{\~a}o empreendedora: onde est{\~a}o as diferen{\c c}as? }, journal = {An{\'a}lise Social}, volume = {XLVIII}, year = {2013}, pages = {594{\textendash}620}, chapter = {594}, abstract = {

As universidades portuguesas na senda da investiga{\c c}{\~a}o empreendedora: onde est{\~a}o as diferen{\c c}as? Nos {\'u}ltimos anos t{\^e}m sido discutidas as mudan{\c c}as nos quadros epistemol{\'o}gicos, {\'e}ticos e sociais que envolvem a ci{\^e}ncia na atualidade. Particularmente influentes nas transforma{\c c}{\~o}es ocorridas foram as l{\'o}gicas incorporadas nas narrativas da {\textquotedblleft}sociedade do conhecimento{\textquotedblright} e do managerialismo/Nova Gest{\~a}o P{\'u}blica (ngp). As no{\c c}{\~o}es de {\textquotedblleft}ci{\^e}ncia p{\'o}s-acad{\'e}mica{\textquotedblright}, o {\textquotedblleft}Modo 2 de produ{\c c}{\~a}o do conhecimento{\textquotedblright} e o acr{\'o}nimo place t{\^e}m vindo a ser utilizados para caracterizar estas mudan{\c c}as. Este artigo pretende analisar se o modo como a investiga{\c c}{\~a}o {\'e} apresentada pelas universidades p{\'u}blicas portuguesas nos seus websites expressa a influ{\^e}ncia destas novas no{\c c}{\~o}es de ci{\^e}ncia. Conclui que existe uma certa ambiguidade nos discursos, o que configura fen{\'o}menos de hibridismo

}, keywords = {ci{\^e}ncia, investiga{\c c}{\~a}o cient{\'\i}fica, Portugal, universidades p{\'u}blicas}, url = {http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/AS_208_d01.pdf}, author = {Rui Santiago and Teresa Carvalho and Andreia Ferreira} }