@article {4262,
	title = {Public and Private School Grade Inflations Patterns in Secondary Education},
	journal = {The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis \& Policy},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2025},
	publisher = {IZA working papers},
	chapter = {305-342},
	abstract = {<p>We examine the extent of grade inflation in courses taken during high school and how such differences vary across student and school characteristics. Using administrative data, we assess grade inflation in Portuguese high schools over a decade. We propose a relative measure of grade inflation, comparing students{\textquoteright} high school grades to their national exam ranks. Examining various school types, we find that private schools tend to inflate grades more than their public school peers, particularly at the top of the ability distribution. A regional disaggregation indicates that the northern districts exhibit higher probabilities of grade inflation.</p>
},
	keywords = {grade inflation; grading standards; high school grading; postsecondary access equity; upper secondary education},
	doi = { https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2024-0136},
	author = {Pedro Lu{\'\i}s Silva and Stephen L. DesJardins and Ricardo Biscaia and Carla S{\'a} and Pedro N. Teixeira}
}
