@book {4002, title = {Humanizar a Universidade. Um Tributo a Rui Santiago.}, year = {In Press}, publisher = {UA Editora}, organization = {UA Editora}, edition = {Teresa Carvalho} } @article {3517, title = {Continuity amongst change? A cross national study of gender and higher education}, journal = {Gender in Management: An International Journal}, year = {In Press}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and K. White and Pat O{\textquoteright}Connor and M. L. Machado-Taylor} } @inbook {4010, title = {The doctorate: From the Middle Age to the research-based doctorate}, booktitle = {Handbook on Higher Education Management and Governance}, year = {In Press}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing Limited}, organization = {Edward Elgar Publishing Limited}, edition = {A. Magalh{\~a}es, A. Amaral}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and S{\'o}nia Cardoso} } @inbook {4003, title = {Tenure position in Portugal {\textendash} What it means and who holds it? }, booktitle = {Managing Careers in Academia: Tenure tracks in European universities}, year = {In Press}, publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing Limited}, organization = {Edward Elgar Publishing Limited}, edition = {E. Pekkola, T. Siekkinen }, author = {Teresa Carvalho} } @conference {4230, title = {Is there a link between Doctoral Education and Science and Technology Parks? A Literature Review}, booktitle = {EAIR Forum 2023}, year = {2023}, month = {09/2023}, address = {Linz, Austria}, abstract = {

Knowledge production and dissemination have been assumed to be one of the main competitive factors in contemporaneous societies. Hence, two changes have been occurring: doctoral education went through deep transformations, with attempts to turn Ph.Ds. more oriented to problem-solving; and the emergence of Science and Technology Parks (STPs) as dynamic clusters able to accelerate economic growth and international competitiveness. This paper aims to understand how these two phenomena relate by exploring the literature that articulates STPs and Ph.Ds. The search on SCOPUS revealed the almost inexistence of papers relating the two. Thus, the search was extended to STPs and their relationship with universities, along with doctoral training, using Google Scholar. However, even this extended analysis reveals that the literature does not explore the relationship between Ph.Ds. and STPs. The paper concludes with the need to further study how STPs, with which universities collaborate, can relate to doctoral formation.

}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Ver{\'o}nica Ferreira and Bruno Vilhena} } @article {4011, title = {Invisible researchers in the knowledge society {\textendash} the Uberisation of scientific work in Portugal}, journal = {European Journal of Higher Education}, year = {2022}, month = {03 Aug 2022}, pages = {1-22}, abstract = {

This paper discusses how the\ emergence\ and assumption of the knowledge society as an ideological integration in the European Union (EU) and in the European Research Area (ERA), along with Managerialism and Neoliberalism influences, resulted in precarious and insecure employment relations in the Portuguese scientific system. The knowledge society as a policy idea and discourse has been encouraging the European states to design political initiatives to foster Innovation and Research to promote economic prosperity and social advancement. As a result of Europeanisation policies aiming at fostering Science and Technology (S\&T), there has been a significant increase in the number of PhD graduates. Drawing on a quantitative study based on the data analysis of secondary data, this study shows how the design of knowledge society policies transformed a higher education and research system and induced an increasing number of doctorates, leading, along with managerialism and neoliberalism to the Uberisation of their working conditions. These doctorates have been mainly integrated into the higher education system with short-term contracts to develop tasks within research projects. This association with research projects along with their precarious working conditions turned them into invisible workers inside Higher Education Institutions (HEI), questioning the sustainability of the system.

}, keywords = {academics, Projectification of science, Researchers, scientific work, Uberisation}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21568235.2022.2105371}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21568235.2022.2105371}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Sara Diogo and Bruno Vilhena} } @conference {4095, title = {Deteriorating Working Conditions in Academia {\textendash} The Best Way to Secure Meritocracy? }, booktitle = {15th International Technology, Education and Development Conference}, year = {2021}, month = {8-9 March, 2021}, publisher = {IATED Academy}, organization = {IATED Academy}, address = {Online Conference}, abstract = {

Academic careers have been changing worldwide due to a diversity of both endogenous and exogenous factors. Global trends such as managerialism and New Public Management (NPM) influence changes in careers in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), since these trends translate the spreading of discourses, values and ideologies from the private sector to the public sector. This study examines the impact of NPM on the working conditions of Portuguese higher education academics in the last ten years. The empirical data are based on official statistics on the Portuguese academics employment conditions and the analysis leads to the following conclusions. Changes reveal an increasing corrosion of traditional employment practices. Employment has become more precarious as professionals are increasingly employed on non-tenured contracts. Although this tendency was initially more evidenced in the polytechnic sector, in nowadays universities present even more precarious conditions. In short, this means that despite the political changes in the country in the last years, the development of science in Portugal is still based in highly qualified employment but with equally high precarious employment relations, even if an improvement of the working conditions for those at the top is evidenced. In this context, the prospect of future wealth, rather than current income and working conditions, main represent the driver for young academics to stay in the job. Potential consequences for the meritocratic and excellence values, framing HEIs organisational culture are discussed.

}, keywords = {academics, career, Change, Portugal, working conditions}, isbn = {978-84-09-27666-0}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.1861 }, url = {https://library.iated.org/view/CARVALHO2021DET}, author = {Teresa Carvalho} } @inbook {3803, title = {A Portuguese Tale on Knowledge-Based Society: Narrowing Bonds Between Higher Education and the Innovation System}, booktitle = {Universities in the Knowledge Society. The Changing Academy {\textendash} The Changing Academic Profession in International Comparative Perspective}, volume = {22}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Springer Cham}, organization = {Springer Cham}, edition = {T. Aarrevaara, M. Finkelstein, G. A. Jones, J. Jung}, abstract = {

Within the knowledge society framework, higher education has become a driving factor for democratizing and rising equality in societies and consequently stimulating economic development (Panitsidou et al., Procedia Soc \& Behav Sci, 46: 548{\textendash}553, 2012). In Portugal, as elsewhere, higher education institutions (HEI) were expected to play a key role within the changing dynamics in the orientation of knowledge production and dissemination. Research and the national scientific system are closely connected to the higher education system, with knowledge production being mostly concentrated in universities, especially in public ones. In this context, HEIs are considered as a privileged locus of change framed by the knowledge society providing the new epistemological, ontological, and methodological logics as well as legitimacy for a new {\textquotedblleft}political economy{\textquotedblright} of knowledge. However, this chapter has a double purpose. On the one hand, it intends to present an overview of the Portuguese higher education system and its relation to the research and innovation system. On the other hand, the paper seeks to analyze the contemporary conceptions of the {\textquotedblleft}knowledge-based society{\textquotedblright} in the Portuguese state policies and HEI narratives, as well as the expected role assigned to academics in the new knowledge production, dissemination, and transfer systems.

}, keywords = {Academic careers, Higher education system, Innovation policy, Research and development}, isbn = {978-3-030-76578-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76579-8_15}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-76579-8_15}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Sara Diogo and Rui Santiago} } @inbook {4007, title = {The Transformation of Universities in Response to the Imperatives of a Knowledge Society}, booktitle = {Universities in the Knowledge Society: The Nexus of National Systems of Innovation and Higher Education}, volume = {22}, year = {2021}, pages = {434}, publisher = {Springer Cham}, organization = {Springer Cham}, edition = {T. Aarrevaara, M. Finkelstein, G. A. Jones, J. Jung}, abstract = {

Industrialisation in the late nineteenth century gave birth to the modern Humboldtian university in the West that combined scientific research and teaching. Over the past two decades, the emergence of a new knowledge economy and society has given rise to a new model of the {\textquoteleft}entrepreneurial{\textquoteright} university that seeks to re-imagine it as both the economic engine of a new knowledge-based economy and the engine of a more progressive, equitable, and sustainable society. This chapter reviews the emerging literature on the knowledge society, the knowledge-based economy, and its impact on the mission of higher education and the nature and prospects of the academic profession. It sets the conceptual stage for the Academic Profession in the Knowledge-Based Society (APIKS) project that seeks to document the changing profiles, roles, careers, and prospects of the academic profession{\textemdash}the knowledge workers and innovators of the new order.

}, keywords = {Entrepreneurial university, Humboldtian, Knowledge economy, Knowledge society, Social engagement, Third mission}, issn = {978-3-030-76578-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76579-8_2}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-76579-8_2}, author = {Teresa Carvalho} } @inbook {4005, title = {Time and Academic Multitasking {\textendash} Unbounded Relation Between Professional and Personal Time}, booktitle = {Inquiring into Academic Timescapes}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Emerald Publishing Limited}, organization = {Emerald Publishing Limited}, edition = {F. Vostal}, address = {Bingley}, issn = {978-1-78973-912-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-911-420211013}, url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/978-1-78973-911-420211013/full/html}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Sara Diogo} } @inbook {3448, title = {Institutional policies to attract international academics in an adverse context}, booktitle = {International Faculty in Asia in comparative global perspective}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, chapter = {Institutional policies to attract international academics in an adverse context.}, address = {Dordrecht}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and S{\'o}nia Cardoso and Sara Diogo and Cristina Sin and Pedro Videira}, editor = {H. Futao and A. Welch} } @conference {4100, title = {Learning organisations: A case study of changes in gender equality in decision-making bodies}, booktitle = {14th International Technology, Education and Development Conference}, year = {2020}, month = {2-4 March, 2020}, publisher = {IATED Academy}, organization = {IATED Academy}, address = {Valencia, Spain}, abstract = {

Despite the general legal and social environments in Europe and in Portugal being positive to the institutionalisation of equal opportunities in Higher Education Institutions (HEI), gender inequality seems to persist in stereotyped perceptions embedded within organisational cultures. The European Union (EU) has been developing several programmes to fund the promotion of Gender Equality Plans (GEP) in HEIs in the European context (European Commission, 2016; 2019).
It is encouraging to find that in some specific cases the implementation of these progresses has positive results (ERAC 2018). This is the case of the institution studied here, which committed to equality beyond rhetoric. The paper reports on a case study of best practices in promoting gender equality in decision-making bodies at the middle-management level in the University of Aveiro, in Portugal. Based on an international H2020 funded research project, the University of Aveiro has implemented GEPs resulting in an increase in the number of women in decision-making bodies. This paper seeks to explain the process of cultural change in general as well as in the rector team{\textquoteright}s attitudes, in particular, to promote progress in pursuit of gender equality in decision-making bodies.
When the project started, women constitute only 5\% of members in these middle management bodies (i.e. Deans of both university departments and polytechnic schools). One year after the implementation of the project, this percentage increased to 20\%. The paper details the several steps taken to reach this result. First, the problem was identified based on a quantitative analysis of the gender composition of decision-making bodies at UA; then, the process through which members access these bodies was also analysed. In a second stage of the project, the rector was informed and instigated to be more proactive in increase women representativeness in the following elections. Without changing the regulations, it was possible to develop informal strategies. These related with the identification of women with competencies to perform the job and with personal empowerment for them to propose themselves to the election.
Although progresses have been made, it is important to acknowledge that these initiatives are not enough to promote structural changes and more needs to be done to accelerate the pace of progress as well as to change institutional practices and individual mentalities.

}, keywords = {Decision-making bodies, gender equality, gender-equality plan, Higher Education Institutions, Portugal}, isbn = {978-84-09-17939-8}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2020.1650}, url = {https://library.iated.org/view/CARVALHO2020LEA}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Carina Jord{\~a}o and Sara Diogo and Z{\'e}lia Breda} } @inbook {3430, title = {Formalised Boundaries Between Polytechnics and Technical Universities: Experiences from Portugal and Finland}, booktitle = {Technical universities: past, present and future (Higher Education Dynamics)}, volume = {56}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Springer }, organization = {Springer }, edition = {L. Geschwind, A. Brostr{\"o}m, K. Larsen}, address = {Dordrecht}, abstract = {

The chapter demonstrates the relevance of contextual factors in the potential transformation of non-university institutions into {\textquoteleft}technical universities{\textquoteright}. The phenomena of professional and academic drift have challenged the pertinence of the existence of binary Higher Education (HE) systems. Portugal and Finland have been facing this problem and the governments of both countries called on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to advise them on the relevance of its maintenance. The chapter aims at enriching the conceptual discussion over the social representation of the {\textquoteleft}technical university{\textquoteright} by discussing the relevance of the context in the evolving process of the actual non-university institutions. Data analysis is supported by empirical evidence gathered through 26 interviews conducted with key actors as well as on content analysis of policy reports in order to understand how the co-existence of different types of higher education institutions (HEI) is envisioned in the two countries. This chapter establishes a linkage to the scope of this volume by evidencing the relevance of contextual factors in the potential transformation of non-university institutions in {\textquoteleft}technical universities{\textquoteright} in the two countries. The results reveal a convergence in the recommendations regarding the maintenance and reinforcement of differentiated HE systems. However, the operationalisation of this differentiation translates into distinct roles for professional institutions in each country, suggesting a path of continuity for Portugal and discontinuity for Finland.

}, issn = {978-3-030-50554-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50555-4_6}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-50555-4_6}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Sara Diogo} } @inbook {3898, title = {Conclusion: The transformations in doctoral education: a comprehensive and critical approach}, booktitle = {Structural and Institutional Transformations in Doctoral Education: Social, Political and Student Expectations }, number = {Issues in Higher Education}, year = {2020}, pages = {374-389}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan.}, organization = {Palgrave Macmillan.}, edition = {S. Cardoso, O. Tavares, C. Sin, and T. Carvalho }, author = {Teresa Carvalho and S{\'o}nia Cardoso} } @article {4050, title = {Producing knowledge in a pandemic crisis{\textendash}The relevance of researchers{\textquoteright} work and working conditions}, journal = {The European Sociologist}, volume = {45}, year = {2020}, author = {Teresa Carvalho} } @inbook {3802, title = {New Public Management and Social Justice in Higher Education - A reflection over endogenous and exogenous effects}, booktitle = {Locating Social Justice in Higher Education Research}, year = {2020}, pages = {232}, publisher = {Bloomsbury}, organization = {Bloomsbury}, edition = {J. McArthur, P. Ashwin}, address = {London}, issn = {9781350086760}, url = {https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/locating-social-justice-in-higher-education-research-9781350086760/}, author = {Teresa Carvalho} } @article {4064, title = {Losing autonomy? Restructuring higher education institutions governance and relations between teaching and non-teaching staff}, journal = {Studies in Higher Education}, volume = {44}, year = {2019}, pages = {762-773}, abstract = {

Higher education institutions in Portugal, as in many developed countries, have undergone deep transformations affecting their organisational structures and professionals. These reforms framed by new public management are said to induce changes in the traditional jurisdictional field of the academic profession with the administrative power being transferred to non-teaching staff. The aim of this paper is to contribute to this discussion by analysing the extent to which the academics jurisdictional field has changed and power relations were redefined. Resorting to empirical data obtained through an extensive online survey we analyse professionals{\textquoteright} perceptions on changes in institutional governance and on their professional autonomy and the way this may translate a reconfiguration of power between these professional groups. The empirical findings suggest that professionals perceive changes as affecting negatively their participation in institutions{\textquoteright} decision-making processes but this is not automatically translated in a perceived loss of professional autonomy.

}, keywords = {academic staff, Autonomy, professionalism, staff, university governance}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1401059}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03075079.2017.1401059}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Pedro Videira} } @inbook {3444, title = {Identity and Health Research}, booktitle = {Researching Health: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods}, year = {2019}, pages = {409-426}, publisher = {Sage}, organization = {Sage}, edition = {2}, chapter = {Identity and Health Research}, address = {London}, abstract = {

In this chapter, we analyze and discuss the concept of identity and its use in health research. Identity is a relevant concept in social sciences being scrutinized in different fields of study, as in psychology, sociology and anthropology, among others. Identity is based on the idea that the notion of the {\textquoteleft}self{\textquoteright} is linked to identification with certain social groups. A sense of identity or of belonging may be associated with social class, ethnicity, age, gender or other communities. In health research, the concept of identity has been used to collect data and make comparisons. This raises an issue of how identity ascribed by researchers. We start by identifying the approaches taken in the literature on identity studies and their relationship to different research methods. It is suggested that these approaches may be analyzed on three distinct levels {\textendash} namely, macro (using gender as an illustration); meso (as exemplified by professional identity) and micro (based on the interaction between health professionals and patients). The strengths and weaknesses of different theoretical perspectives and research methods in researching identity in health in the three levels are identified. Finally, an empirical study of the impact on nurses{\textquoteright} sense of identity with managerialism as represented by the New Public Management is presented in an illustrative case study, where qualitative methods were used for data collection.

}, keywords = {Identity}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Correia, Tiago}, editor = {Saks, M. and Allsop, J.} } @article {4069, title = {Women Rectors and Leadership Narratives: The Same Male Norm?}, journal = {Education Sciences}, volume = {8}, year = {2018}, month = {23 May 2018}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

This paper examines how two Portuguese women rectors constructed narratives on their path to leadership positions and their performance of leadership roles. The study is based on a qualitative empirical analysis based on life story interviews with two women rectors in Portugal. The results from this research suggest that women rectors tend to develop narratives about their professional route to the top as based on merit and hard work, and tend to classify their leadership experience as gender-neutral and grounded on the establishment of good relationships with their peers along their professional path. These narratives may contribute to reinforcing the male norm that leads other women to blame themselves for not being able to progress in their career, hindering the creation of an organisational environment that is open to the development of institutional policies to improve equal opportunities. Portugal is a very interesting case study, considering that despite the long history of its higher education system and the high participation of women in higher education, there were only two women rectors in the country until 2014.

}, keywords = {female leadership, gender and leadership, Portugal, women rectors}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci8020075}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/8/2/75}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Sara Diogo} } @article {2615, title = {Exploring the relationship between institutional and professional autonomy: A comparative study between Portugal and Finland}, journal = {Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management}, volume = {40}, year = {2018}, pages = {18-33}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, isbn = {1360-080X}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Sara Diogo} } @article {4065, title = {Editorial: Professions and Professionalism in Market-Driven Societies}, journal = {Professions and Professionalism}, volume = {8}, year = {2018}, month = {2018-11-30}, pages = {3052}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.7577/pp.3052}, url = {https://journals.oslomet.no/index.php/pp/article/view/3052}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Tiago Correia} } @proceedings {3392, title = {Changes in higher education institutions: Do female academics see the glass half full?}, year = {2018}, publisher = {INTED}, address = {Val{\^e}ncia, Spain }, author = {Teresa Carvalho and S{\'o}nia Cardoso and Maria Jo{\~a}o e Ma Rosa} } @inbook {3450, title = {Pol{\'\i}ticas de Ci{\^e}ncia e Inova{\c c}{\~a}o no quadro da sociedade do conhecimento - Efeitos no emprego cient{\'\i}fico}, booktitle = {Inova{\c c}{\~a}o, Emprego e Pol{\'\i}ticas P{\'u}blicas}, year = {2018}, pages = {343-363}, chapter = {Pol{\'\i}ticas de Ci{\^e}ncia e Inova{\c c}{\~a}o no quadro da sociedade do conhecimento. Efeitos no emprego cient{\'\i}fico}, author = {Teresa Carvalho}, editor = {Sara Diogo} } @article {4087, title = {Professions under suspicion: What role for professional ethics and commitment in contemporary societies? }, journal = {Sociologia, Problemas e Pr{\'a}ticas}, volume = {88}, year = {2018}, pages = {9-25}, chapter = {9}, abstract = {

The rising distrust and the surveillance over expert knowledge highlights how the professions and societies maintain a paradoxical relationship: the latter both needs as much as it suspects the former. This tension requires a sociological reading able to clarify the role of ethics and professional commitments. This constitutes the underlying thread for this thematic dossier. Within its scope, readers shall encounter theoretical and empirical contribution that enable a better interpretation of the relationships between professions and societies and thereby better grasping the processes that generically frame the ideas around the suspicion of the professions.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.7458/SPP20188814795}, url = {https://revistas.rcaap.pt/sociologiapp/article/view/14795}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Tiago Correia and Helena Serra} } @inbook {Machado2017, title = {The exceptionalism of women rectors: A case study from Portugal}, booktitle = {Gendered success in higher education: Global perspectives}, year = {2017}, pages = {111-131}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, organization = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {London}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and M. L. Machado-Taylor}, editor = {K. White and Pat O{\textquoteright}Connor} } @article {Carvalho_2017, title = {Losing autonomy? Restructuring higher education institutions governance and relations between teaching and non-teaching staff}, journal = {Studies in Higher Education}, year = {2017}, month = {nov}, pages = {1{\textendash}12}, publisher = {Informa {UK} Limited}, doi = {10.1080/03075079.2017.1401059}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1080\%2F03075079.2017.1401059}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Pedro Videira} } @inbook {3449, title = {The study of Academic profession {\textendash} contributions from and to the Sociology of Professions.}, booktitle = {Theory and Method in Higher Education Research.}, volume = {3}, year = {2017}, pages = {59-76}, publisher = {Emerald}, organization = {Emerald}, chapter = {The study of Academic profession {\textendash} contributions from and to the Sociology of Professions. }, address = {Bingley}, author = {Teresa Carvalho} } @article {4072, title = {Exploring the relationship between institutional and professional autonomy: a comparative study between Portugal and Finland}, journal = {Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management}, volume = {40}, year = {2017}, month = {12 Nov 2017}, pages = {18-33}, abstract = {

By comparing two distinct settings{\textendash}Portugal and Finland{\textendash}and based on previous studies revealing similar trends in both countries, this article analyses the relationship between institutional and academic autonomy in the higher education sector. Based on crosschecking of the literature review and 47 interviews with key actors in both the Portuguese and Finnish higher education systems, the authors analyse the extent to which the political attempts to increase institutional autonomy are perceived by academics in these countries as leading to an increase in their professional autonomy. Data reveals that there is a lack of complete correspondence between the way different institutional dimensions have been changing at the organisational level and the way academics perceive the effects at the professional level. While there is a correspondence in the perceptions over organisational and interventional autonomy, no correspondence is found concerning policy autonomy in both countries. Furthermore, there are no homogeneous perceptions within academics group in each country concerning professional autonomy.

}, keywords = {academic freedom, comparative education, Finland, higher education systems, institutional autonomy, Portugal}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2018.1395916}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1360080X.2018.1395916}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Sara Diogo} } @article {4074, title = {Is New Public Management redefining professional boundaries and changing power relations within Higher Education Institutions? }, journal = {Journal of the European Higher Education Area}, volume = {6}, year = {2016}, pages = {59{\textendash}74}, abstract = {

The literature on higher education tends to assume that changes in higher education institutions promoted a redefinition of boundaries between academic and administrative staff. Academics perceive a decrease in the control over their own work due to the increasing presence of non-academic managers. The presence of new public management and managerialism has also been apparent in Portugal since the end of the 90{\textquoteright}s. Several studies have been developed to understand the impact of these changes, but few of them concentrate on the administrative side. The aim of this paper is to examine the changing landscape of professional boundaries in higher education institutions in a binary system like the Portuguese one. Our main finding is that even though non-teaching staff are nowadays recognised as more qualified and more relevant even in terms of the visibility of their work, the traditional roles assigned to both the teaching and non-teaching staff are still pre-dominant, especially in terms of the clearly asymmetrical power relations between these two groups.

}, url = {https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1540240/}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Giulio Marini and Pedro Videira} } @inbook {4036, title = {Transforming Professional Bureaucracies In Hospitals And Higher Education Institutions}, booktitle = {Towards a Comparative Institutionalism: Forms, Dynamics and Logics Across the Organizational Fields of Health Care and Higher Education (Research in the Sociology of Organizations) }, volume = {45}, year = {2016}, pages = {243-269}, publisher = {Emerald Publishing}, organization = {Emerald Publishing}, edition = {R. Pinheiro, L. Geschwind, F. O. Ramirez, K. Vrangb{\ae}k}, keywords = {academics, Doctors, Institutionalism, Nurses, Professional bureaucracies}, issn = {978-1-78560-275-7}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20150000045021}, url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S0733-558X20150000045021/full/html}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Rui Santiago} } @article {Santiago2016, title = {Transforming professional bureaucracies in hospitals and higher education institutions}, journal = {Research in the Sociology of Organizations}, volume = {45}, year = {2016}, pages = {243-269}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Rui Santiago} } @inbook {4034, title = {Professionalism and knowledge}, booktitle = { The Routledge Companion to the Professions and Professionalism}, year = {2016}, pages = {144-157}, publisher = {Routledge }, organization = {Routledge }, edition = {M. Dent, I. Bourgeault, J. Denis, E. Kuhlmann }, issn = {9781315779447}, url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315779447-15/professionalism-knowledge-teresa-carvalho-rui-santiago}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Rui Santiago} } @book {2015, title = {Professionalism, managerialism and reform in higher education and the health services. The European Welfare State and the rise of the knowledge society}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, organization = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {London}, doi = {10.1057/9781137487001}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1057\%2F9781137487001}, editor = {Teresa Carvalho and Rui Santiago} } @inbook {Carvalho_2015, title = {Professional autonomy in a comparative perspective}, booktitle = {Professionalism, managerialism and reform in higher education and the health services. The European Welfare State and the rise of the knowledge society}, year = {2015}, pages = {30{\textendash}63}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, organization = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {London}, doi = {10.1057/9781137487001_3}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1057\%2F9781137487001_3}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Rui Santiago}, editor = {Teresa Carvalho and Rui Santiago} } @inbook {Carvalho_2015, title = {Conclusions}, booktitle = {Professionalism, managerialism and reform in higher education and the health services. The European Welfare State and the rise of the knowledge society}, year = {2015}, pages = {172{\textendash}180}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, organization = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {London}, doi = {10.1057/9781137487001_10}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1057\%2F9781137487001_10}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Rui Santiago}, editor = {Teresa Carvalho and Rui Santiago} } @inbook {S{\'o}nia_Cardoso33006180, title = {Changes in the institutional context and academic profession - A case from Portugal}, booktitle = {(Re)Searching scientific careers}, year = {2014}, pages = {117-144}, publisher = {IHST, RAS, Nestor-Historia, SSTNET \& ESA. }, organization = {IHST, RAS, Nestor-Historia, SSTNET \& ESA. }, address = {S. Petersburg}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and S{\'o}nia Cardoso and C. Sousa}, editor = {K. Prpi{\'c} and I. van der Weijden and N. Asheulova} } @article {4077, title = {Changing connections between professionalism and managerialism: a case study of nursing in Portugal}, journal = {Journal of Professions and Organization}, volume = {1}, year = {2014}, month = {01 August 2014}, pages = {176{\textendash}190}, chapter = {176}, abstract = {

Over the last three decades New Public Management, with the redefinition of the central roles of the state and the withdrawal of state financial support to health care, has radically altered the landscape of hospital provision in Portugal. Within this context it is usually suggested that the redefinition of state and public organization, based on managerialism norms and values, questions welfare professions{\textquoteright} traditional professionalism. Nurses are a relevant group for analysis since their professionalization process has been highly dependent on doctors, and centred on care principles. In this context, it is relevant to analyse how nurses are facing the new environment while maintaining their traditional professionalism. This article presents some findings from a qualitative study in Portugal. Based on interviews with 103 nurses with managerial responsibilities in public hospitals, one found that nurses develop hybrid professionalism by simultaneously incorporating and reconfiguring the professional traditional norms and values and the organizations{\textquoteright} dominant discourses and norms.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jpo/jou004 }, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jpo/article-abstract/1/2/176/2841050?redirectedFrom=fulltext}, author = {Teresa Carvalho} } @article {Machado2013, title = {Top university managers and affirmative action}, journal = {Equality, Diversity and Inclusion}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, pages = {394-409}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and K. White and M. L. Machado-Taylor} } @book {3799, title = {Grupos Profissionais, Profissionalismo e Sociedade do Conhecimento: Tend{\^e}ncias, Problemas e Perspectivas}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Afrontamento}, organization = {Afrontamento}, address = {Porto}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Telmo Caria and Rui Santiago} } @article {4080, title = {Perceptions and attitudes towards gender in academia: A comparative study from Portugal and Turkey}, journal = {Educa{\c c}{\~a}o, Sociedade e Culturas}, volume = {35}, year = {2012}, month = {Apr 2012}, pages = {45{\textendash}66}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

This paper examines the inequalities of women{\textquoteright}s position in senior management in higher education in Portugal and Turkey. It also examines the perceptions that rectors (vice-chancellors)/ vice-rectors have about gender inequalities in higher education institutions (HEI) and the potential attitudes they may have about institutional policies developed to eliminate these inequalities. A qualitative study was developed with 46 interviews conducted in both countries. The paper then explores senior managers{\textquoteright} perceptions about gender inequalities in top positions in academia and the link between these perceptions and their attitudes concerning decisions to promote gender equality for senior managers in Portugal and Turkey. It concludes that in spite of the persistence of different obstacles for women working towards top positions in both countries, senior managers perceive universities as gender neutral, denying the importance of institutional policies and practices to change the situation.

}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312161218_Perceptions_and_attitudes_of_Senior_Managers_toward_gender_in_academia_A_comparative_study_from_Portugal_and_Turkey}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and {\"O}zlem {\"O}zkanl{\i} and Maria de Lourdes Machado-Taylor} } @article {4079, title = {Managerialism and professional strategies: a case from nurses in Portugal}, journal = {Journal of Health Organization and Management}, volume = {26}, year = {2012}, month = {3 August 2012}, pages = {524{\textendash}541}, chapter = {524}, abstract = {

Purpose -\ There have been profound changes in the Portuguese national health system (NHS), instigated under the influence of managerialism and the new public management (NPM) {\textquotedblleft}philosophy{\textquotedblright}. These changes have been in line with what has happened in other developed countries. At the beginning of the new century, important reforms that emphasised the efficient use of scarce resources were implemented. The objective of this study is to understand how nurses are adapting to a more managerial environment, one in which economic rationalism and market-driven initiatives are the key principles behind the health reforms.

Design/methodology/approach -\ A qualitative study was developed, based on semi-structured interviews with 83 nurses with managerial duties in ten hospitals in Portugal. All interviews were tape-recorded and each interviewee{\textquoteright}s discourses were subjected to content analysis.

Findings -\ Data analysis led to the conclusion that under the new logic of the market and managerialism, these professionals have tried to (re)define their professionalisation route by emphasising the importance of care but also by trying to incorporate management as their dominant role in the social division of work. In reconfiguring their notion of professionalism, nurses were incorporating new practices in their day-to-day activities. This empirical study confirms that professionalism can also be conceptualised as a technology of self-control being able to discipline professionals at the micro level.

Originality/value -\ This research is an empirical study based on the effects of managerialism on nurses with managerial duties in Portugal. This study contributes to a better understanding of the complex process of the professionalisation of nurses in a context of institutional change.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1108/14777261211251562}, url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/14777261211251562/full/html}, author = {Teresa Carvalho} } @article {Maria_de_Lourdes_Machado-Taylor32787560, title = {Perceptions and attitudes of senior managers toward gender in academia: A comparative study from Portugal and Turkey}, journal = {Educa{\c c}{\~a}o, Sociedade \& Culturas}, volume = {35}, year = {2012}, pages = {45-66}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and {\"O}zkanli, O. and M. L. Machado-Taylor} } @inbook {Carvalho_2011, title = {Senior management in higher education}, booktitle = {Gender, power and management}, year = {2011}, pages = {90{\textendash}109}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, organization = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {London}, doi = {10.1057/9780230305953_5}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1057\%2F9780230305953_5}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and M. L. Machado-Taylor}, editor = {B. Bagilhole and K. White} } @article {Carvalho_2010, title = {Still academics after all...}, journal = {Higher Education Policy}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {397{\textendash}411}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, doi = {10.1057/hep.2010.17}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1057\%2Fhep.2010.17}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Rui Santiago} } @article {Maria_de_Lourdes_Machado-Taylor33728223, title = {Gender and shifts in higher education managerial regimes: Examples from Portugal}, journal = {Australian Universities{\textquoteright} Review}, volume = {52}, year = {2010}, pages = {33-42}, issn = {0818{\textendash}8068}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and M. L. Machado-Taylor} } @article {Santiago2010, title = {New challenges for women seeking an academic career: The hiring process in Portuguese higher education institutions}, journal = {Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management}, volume = {32}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {239-249}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Rui Santiago} } @inbook {Carvalho_2010, title = {New Public Management and {\textquoteright}Middle Management{\textquoteright}: How do deans influence institutional policies?}, booktitle = {Higher education dynamics}, year = {2010}, pages = {165{\textendash}196}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, doi = {10.1007/978-90-481-9163-5_9}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007\%2F978-90-481-9163-5_9}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Rui Santiago}, editor = {L. Meek and Leo Goedegebuure and Rui Santiago and Teresa Carvalho} } @book {3800, title = {Nova Gest{\~a}o P{\'u}blica e Reformas da Sa{\'u}de. O Profissionalismo Numa Encruzilhada}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Edi{\c c}{\~o}es Silabo}, organization = {Edi{\c c}{\~o}es Silabo}, address = {Lisboa} } @article {4082, title = {Gender as a {\textquotedblleft}strategic action{\textquotedblright}: New Public Management and the professionalisation of nursing in Portugal}, journal = {Equal Opportunities International}, volume = {28}, year = {2009}, month = {25 September 200}, pages = {609{\textendash}622}, chapter = {609}, abstract = {

Purpose -\ The purpose of this paper is to explore the way gender may be used as an instrument to avoid New Public Management (NPM) potential processes of deprofessionalisation in nursing.

Design/methodology/approach -\ In total, 83 nurses with managerial duties were interviewed in autonomous and corporate public hospitals in Portugal.

Findings -\ Nurses used gender as an argument to legitimate their presence in management, and in this way, to keep their control over the profession. Gender stereotypes were used to legitimate their position in two different ways. Firstly, nurses reproduced and reinforced gendered inequality by supporting their male colleagues careers. Secondly, they valorised their feminine skills sustaining that women were in better position to manage hospitals as an extended role from the private domain.

Research limitations/implications -\ The paper uses a sample from only one country and care must be taken when extrapolating conclusions to the wider population.

Practical implications -\ Acknowledges the way NPM reinforces gender stereotypes and contributes to redefine professionalism.

Originality/value -\ Recognition of the complexity and diversity of gender issues in the organisational context and in the structuration of professional legitimacy.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1108/02610150910996434}, url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/02610150910996434/full/html}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Rui Santiago} } @article {Santiago2008, title = {Gender differences on research: The perceptions and use of academic time}, journal = {Tertiary Education and Management}, volume = {14}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, pages = {317-330}, author = {Teresa Carvalho and Rui Santiago} } @article {4091, title = {Pol{\'\i}ticas e pr{\'a}ticas de Gest{\~a}o de Recursos Humanos em Portugal {\textendash} A influ{\^e}ncia da vari{\'a}vel g{\'e}nero}, journal = {Comportamento Organizacional e Gest{\~a}o}, volume = {7}, year = {2001}, pages = {279{\textendash}296}, chapter = {279}, author = {Teresa Carvalho} }