@inbook {3906, title = {From the medieval disputation to the graduate school}, booktitle = {Structural and institutional transformations in doctoral education. Social, political and student expectations}, year = {2020}, pages = {143-172}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, organization = {Palgrave Macmillan}, address = {London}, author = {Alberto Amaral and Teresa Carvalho}, editor = {S{\'o}nia Cardoso and Orlanda Tavares and Cristina Sin and Teresa Carvalho} }